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Risk factors for cancer which people create by making changes in their world may be thought of as the price for industrialization. Ionizing radiation: In the latter part of the 19th century over half of certain groups of miners working in the Joachimsthal and Schneeburg mines of Central Europe died of lung cancer. High lung cancer rates were also observed in miners digging copper, lead and zinc from the Colorado plateau in the United States during thew first half of the 20th century. In both cases disease was induced by exposure to radioactivity in the mines. Occupational exposure occurs in uranium mines Manufacturing: The manufacture of various substances can lead to cancer. One example is bladder cancer from the dye-stuff, betanaphthylamine which was seen in Europe and North America until exposure was controlled through occupational health and safety initiatives. Now it has reappeared in Southern Asia where industrialization has exported these risks to contexts not appreciated by people who live and work there. Yet another example has been exposure to asbestos in Quebec, Canada, and to asbestiforme erionite in Turkey, both with an association with mesothelioma.