The life-cycles in humans and in these other animals generally remain epidemiologically distinct so that little overlap exists. The major vectors for W. bancrofti are culicine mosquitoes in most urban and semiurban areas, anophelines in the more rural areas of Africa and elsewhere, and Aedes species in many of the endemic Pacific islands. For the brugian parasites, Mansonia species serve as the major vector, but in some areas anopheline mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting the infection. Brugian parasites are confined to areas of eastern and southern Asia especially India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and China. One-third of the people infected with the disease live in India, one third are in Africa and most of the remainder are in South Asia, the Pacific and the Americas.