Doug McAdam identifies six strategic hurdles that movements must be able to surmount if they are to achieve change: "(1) attract new recruits, (2) sustain the morale and commitment of current adherents, (3) generate media coverage, (4) mobilize the support of 'bystander publics', (5) constrain the social control options of its opponents, and (6) ultimately shape public policy and state action." (3) In our opinion, issues advocates are often focused primarily upon goals 2 and 3, ignoring the importance of 1, 4 and 5 to the achievement of the primary goal of 6