- 376 teenagers’ vs. 160 adults’ perceptions of risk of 14 health related activities: teenagers less optimistic about avoiding risks than parents, those most at risk least optimistic. (Cohn et al, 1995).

- 40 teens rated risks of HRBs. Participating teens more likely to rate risk less and more controllable & perceive greater benefits relative to risk than non-participating teens (Benthin et al, 1993).

- Males and females hold similar perceptions concerning the frequency and accident likelihood of risky driving behaviors, but males more optimistic and perceived the behaviors as generally less serious and less likely to results in accidents than do females. (DeJoy, 1992)