Studies of HIV prevention interventions have resulted in several important lessons. Although high-risk groups may be targeted for certain interventions, it is not enough to focus only on these individuals. The general population must also be involved if prevention is to succeed. In working with individuals and communities, it is important to emphasize specific risk behaviors and vulnerability, rather than specific groups, such as sex workers or men having sex with men. The behaviors place the individual at risk, and labeling can be stigmatizing. Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS and the scope of the problem are important, but not enough to prevent infection. Individuals need to recognize their own level of risk and learn skills associated with sexual negotiation. Condom promotion is an essential part of any prevention program, but long-term changes in social norms will be necessary to make condom use and other behavioral changes more acceptable.