Where does this leave us? With a lot of ongoing work. Maybe douching is going to be related to PID – we don’t know yet, we don’t have those follow-up data. If so, this would clearly have major public health implications. Should we be self-testing for STDs? Does that work in the real world? The DAISY study will help us to know that. Can we predict those women who will develop infertility? PEACH II will help us to learn that, and we’ve learned some of that from PEACH I. Will treating BV prevent PID? In the GIFT study, the last data that I mentioned, since we’re getting measurements of BV over time, we might be able to answer this question, or at least address the question that’s been out there with a huge question mark: can BV alone cause PID independent of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia?

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