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Tumors arising from the breast, prostate, and uterine endometrium may respond to hormonal manipulation of underlying cellular growth control mechanisms. Steroid hormones bind to specific receptors in the tumor cell cytoplasm; the hormone-receptor complex is then transported to the cell nucleus, where it interacts with cellular DNA, acting as a transcription factor to initiate specific messenger RNA and protein synthesis. A discussion of hormonal therapies requires consideration of the following:

Estrogen therapy and the role of estrogens and progesterone receptors

Anti-estrogens such as Tamoxifen

Ablation of endocrine organs: ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, orchiectomy; medical adrenalectomy with aromatase inhibitors

  • The use of progestational agents
  • The use of androgens and anti-androgens
  • The use of thyroid hormone
  • The use of adrenal corticosteroids
  • The use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists
  • The use of somatostatin analogues
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