Antenatal screening for syphilis with appropriate treatment of asymptomatic women and presumptive treatment of their partners has been shown to decrease the incidence of complications in pregnancy, such as stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature rupture of membranes. It may also decrease both sexual and perinatal transmission of HIV. Reproductive health programs for women should have linkages with STI programs treating symptomatic men, so that asymptomatic infections, which are more common in women, may be identified or presumptively treated and further transmission of STIs and HIV interrupted. Although all sexually active individuals are at risk for STIs and need education and risk reduction counseling, studies have confirmed the impact that individuals with high rates of partner change and high rates of STIs have on maintaining both STI and HIV epidemics. Targeting for interventions these “core transmitters,” including sex workers and their clients, drug users, military personnel and long-distance truck drivers, for interventions is believed to be most cost-effective in reducing the burden of STIs and the transmission of HIV related to STIs.