Arab pioneers in medicine were not only physicians and surgeons, but Arab nurses played a valuable part too. One of the most famous names in Arab nursing is Rufaida bint Saad Al-Aslameya, the first nurse in the Islamic and Eastern world.

Since the dawn of history, the Arab region has always been home for prominent scientists. Brilliant scientists have been born, brought up, and studied on this land; those scientists have always been the pride of the Arab world even if the interest given to science and scientists has greatly decreased.

Optics and vision theories were attractive topics of study for ancient scientists. Famous mathematicians as Euclid and Ptolemy adopted the theory of extramission; they interpreted vision as light emitted from the human eyes on the object, where the reflected rays help the individual perceive the color, shape, and size of the object. Another opposing theory was adopted by Aristotle and Galen; the intromission theory, where they thought that light was transmitted to the eye from the object or its surroundings.

One of the Arab scientists’ major contributions was in astrolabes. Astrolabes were primarily invented by the ancient Greeks in 225 BCE by Apollonius based on the theories and the findings of Hipparchus. The main uses of astrolabes were to tell time during day or night, to identify the time of sunrise and sunset, and the length of the day, and to locate celestial objects in the sky. These uses were essential for astronomers, astrologers, and of course navigators.

From the early ages to this day, medicine has experienced a huge development; each civilization has made its own contribution to the development of medicine and health care practices. Arab scientists, who were once widely known for their excellence in all fields of science, significantly improved medical care. With their mastery in chemistry, biology, and dissection, Muslim physicians proved their abilities in all the fields of medicine.

It is often assumed that Arabs/Muslims tended to destroy pagan monuments of pre-Islamic cultures. However, the reality is different, as such destruction was rare and exceptional. As a matter of fact, the famous historian Al-Baghdadi expressed his admiration for Muslim kings in protecting such monuments.

Al-Razi, known as “Rhazes” in the West, was a physician, philosopher, and scholar who made fundamental contributions to many scientific fields, especially medicine, pioneering in the fields of pediatrics, obstetrics, and ophthalmology. A special feature of his medical system was that he favored cure through correct and regulated food, avoiding excessive use of chemical drugs. Moreover, he tested remedies on animals in order to evaluate their effects before using them on humans.

The pioneer of modern surgery, known in the West as “Abulcasis”, Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi was not just a pioneer in surgical innovation; he was also a great teacher whose medical texts had shaped the European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance and later.

Mostafa Kamal Mahmoud is an Egyptian scientist, thinker, author, and philosopher known for his role in bridging science and religious faith. He was trained as a doctor, but later chose a career as a journalist and author, traveling widely and writing on many subjects related to the philosophy of science and religion.

Psychological disorders are as old as Man himself. In Ancient Times, it was believed they happened due to supernatural powers, evil spirits, and black magic. Consequently, they were treated by charms, amulets, and spells, according to the spiritual and social beliefs.

The success or failure of any criminal investigation often depends on the recognition of physical evidence left behind at a crime scene and the proper analysis of that evidence.

Egypt is a land of exquisite—but fragile—ecosystems, such as The Red Sea coral reef, the wetlands bordering the Nile freshwaters, the bitter lakes, and the coastal lagoons.