Retinoids play critical roles in many biological functions such as cell proliferation. The biological effects of retinoids are modulated through nuclear receptors that belong to the superfamily of ligand-inducible transcription factors. These nuclear receptors include steroid, vitamin D, thyroid hormone, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor and other receptors.

ATRA is Vesanoid, Roche, Nutley, NJ. If its high cost makes it prohibitive, consider taking 4 drops a day (100,000 IU) of emulsified liquid vitamin A. The addition of vitamin A and antioxidant supplementation of the diet can be beneficial.

The following suggestions may be helpful, yet may require the aid of a nutritionist. The entire role of the retinoids is little known in comparison to their obvious importance. Many vitamin-mineral mixes have similar contents to those recommended.