Selected References

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Bartley M, Power C, Blane D, Smith GD, Shipley M. Birth weight and later socioeconomic disadvantage: evidence from the 1958 British cohort study. BMJ 1994; 967: 1475-1485.

Boyko EJ. Proportion of type 2 diabetes cases resulting from impaired fetal growth. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1260-1264.

Campbell DM, Hall MH, Barker DJP, et al. Diet in pregnancy and the offspring’s blood pressure 40 years later. BJOG 1996;103:273-80.

Carr-Hill, R., Campbell, DM, Hall, M.H., Meredith, M. Is birth weight determined genetically? BMJ 1987; 295: 687-689.

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in U.S. men. Circulation 1996; 94:3246-250.

Dahri S, Snoeck A, Reusens-Billen B. et al. Islet function in offspring of mothers on low-protein diet during gestation. Diabetes 1991;40:115- 20.

Desai M, Crowther NJ, Ozanne SE, et al. Adult glucose and lipid metabolism may be programmed during fetal life. Biochem Soc Trans 1995; 23: 331-35.

Egeland GM, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM.. Birth characteristics of women who develop gestational diabetes: population based study. BMJ 2000;321:546-7.

Frankel, S., Elwood, P., Sweetnam, P., Yarnell, J., Smith, G.D. Birthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease. Lancet 1996; 348:1478-80.

Hales CN, Barker DJP, Clark PMS, Cox LJ, Fall C, Osmond C, et al. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 1991; 303:1019-22.

Harding JE. The nutritional basis of the fetal origins of adult disease. IJE 2001;30:15-23.

Hattersley AT, Tooke JE. The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet 1999; 353:1789-1792.

Innes KE, Marshall JA, Byers TE, Calonge N. A woman’s own birth weight and gestational age predict her later risk of developing preeclampsia, a precursor of chronic disease. Epidemiol 1999;10:153-160.

Joseph KS, Kramer MS. Review of the evidence of fetal and early childhood antecedents of adult chronic disease. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18:158-74.

Koupilova I, Leon DA, Vagero D: Can confounding by sociodemographic and behavioral factors explain the association between size at birth and blood pressure at age 50 in Sweden? J Epidemiol Community Health 1997; 51: 14-18.

Langley SC, Jackson AA. Increased systolic blood pressure in adult rats induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets. Clin Sci 1994;86:217-22.

Law CM, Egger P, Dada O, et al. Body size at birth and blood pressure among children in developing countries. IJE 2000; 29:52-59.

Leon DA. Commentary: Getting to grips with fetal programming – aspects of a rapidly evolving agenda. IJE 2001;30:96-97.

Margretts BM. Rowland MGM, Ford FA, et al. The relation of maternal weight to the blood pressure of Gambian children. IJE 1991;20:98-43.

Mathews F, Yudkin P, Neil A. Influence of maternal nutrition on outcome of pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1999;319:339-43.

Leon, D. A., Lithell, H.O., Vågerö, D., Koupilovà, I., Mohsen, R., Berglund, L., Lithell, UB McKeigue, P.M. Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ishaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29. BMJ 1998; 317: 241-245.

McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Jacobsson LTH, Knowler WC, Bennett PH. Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? BMJ 1994;308:942-945.

Yajnik CS. Commentary: Fetal origins of cardiovascular risk – nutritional and non-nutritional. IJE 2001;30:57-59.

Ravelli AC, Van der Meulen JH, Michels JP, et al. Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine. Lancet 1998;351:173-77.

Rich-Edwards JW, Stampfer MJ, Mansn JE, et al. Birth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of women followed up since 1976. BMJ 1997; 315: 396-400.

Stanner SA, Bulmer K, Andres C, et al. Does malnutrition in utero determine diabetes and coronary heart disease in adulthood? Results from the Leningrad siege study, a cross sectional study. BMJ 1997; 315: 1342-48.

Yarbrough DE, Barrett-Connor E, Dritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL. Birth weight, adult weight, and girth as predictors of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1652-1658.