We will look at the effectiveness of pedestrian education programmes that used parents or teachers as trainers on the observed behaviour of one age group.

The horizontal scale is logarythmic and goes from 0.1 to 10 with the solid line on 1 meaning there is no difference in effectiveness between intervention and control groups. A result at the right of this line favors the intervention group.

First you notice the 17 different outcomes and conditions in which they were measured from 4 RCTs.

The dots are the point value of the RR that represent the relative probability of children having the correct expected behaviour. The lines are the 95%CI.

Overall the impression is that these indirect educational programmes were effective in improving children’s behaviour although not for each outcome. The importance varies a lot.

To emphasize the importance of the conditions of outcome measurement, we will look at one study (Limbourg in Germany) showed that:

Trained children were more likely to stop & look at the line of vision than the control group with a factor of 1.4 if measured without distraction, but it increased to 4 when measured in a competitive condition.