Antiretroviral therapy not only reduces the risk of MTCT, but also reduces the risk of sexual transmission because it decreases viral load, reduces incidence of tuberculosis by strengthening the immune system, and promotes HIV testing by giving hope that something can be done if HIV is diagnosed. More persons with HIV may be diagnosed at earlier stages of infection and receive not only effective treatment for themselves but also counseling about prevention of transmission to others. The use of antiretroviral drugs, however, is complicated by the need for strict adherence to avoid development of resistance, the complexity of current regimens, high cost, and the possibility of side effects and toxicity from these agents. These side effects may potentially be worsened in individuals with underlying malnutrition and anemia.