Participatory planning, monitoring and evaluation
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KIT Dossier Participatory planning, monitoring and evaluation
Key readings and websites
The following selection of free, online resources provides rapid access to key references on the main topics of the dossier. For a fully updated list that includes the most recent resources, click here.
- Audio-visual material
- Documents
- Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation
- Participatory Planning & Budgeting
- Community-Driven Development - Online discussions
- Websites
- KIT Library Queries
Beyond Elections - Part 2: Participatory Budgeting.
Fox, M. and Leindecker, S.
Part of a documentary which tries to find an answer to the question: what is democracy? This chapter looks at participatory budgeting initiatives in Brazil, where the city of Porto Alegre implemented the process already in the late 1980s.
Beyond Elections | 2008 | 8min38
Community Driven Development in Rural Communities in the Northeast of Brazil
Roumani, A.
Case study video on a programme that wants to provide land for the landless. It works directly with poor rural communities in Bahia, one of the poorest regions of Brazil, and at the same time involves public and private partners.
World Bank | 2004 | 11min
- Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation
- Participatory Planning and Budgeting
- Community-Driven Development
Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation
Sensors, empowerment, and accountability : a digital earth view from east Africa
Georgiadou, Yola | 2011| Tanzania
The potential and research challenges of a “participatory sensing? platform or “human sensor web? for empowering citizens to hold local governments accountable for public services using web-published SMS or text messages are discussed, using the case of Zanzibar.
Local community participation for sustainable water resource management
Haddad, Fidaa Fawwaz | 2011| Jordan
The concept of subsidiarity in governance is illustrated using the case of the Azraq Oasis Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) project in Jordan, where the REWARD methodology was used to enhancing ownership, transparency and empowerment at the local level.
Decentralization of agricultural extension : new way to improve rural development in third world
Khodamoradi, Sharareh; Abedi, Mohammad | 2011 | Pakistan
A review of past experiences with the decentralization and privatization of agricultural extension services is presented with special reference to the situation in Pakistan. Conditions for decentralization to deliver include giving users control over program planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Measuring empowerment? : ask them : quantifying qualitative outcomes from people's own analysis
Jupp, Dee; Ali, Sohel Ibn; Barahona, Carlos | 2010 | Bangladesh
This paper presents the experience of a social movement in Bangladesh, which found a way to measure empowerment by letting the members themselves explain what benefits they acquired from involvement and by developing a means to measure change over time.
Performance in government : the evolving system of performance and evaluation measurement, monitoring, and management
Talbot, Colin | 2010| United Kingdom
This Evaluation Capacity Development paper on the evolution and current state of the Public Service Agreements System in UK may be of benefit to officials involved in similar tasks in developing countries. Special emphasis is placed on success factors and institutional aspects.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: a Process to Support Governance and Empowerment at the Local Level
Hilhorst, T. and Guijt, I.
This guidance paper explores how a Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) process can enhance participation, empowerment and governance in World Bank-supported projects and programmes, and thus enhances the performance, efficiency and sustainability of interventions.
KIT | 2006 | 61pp.
Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System
Kusek, J.Z. and Rist, R.C.
The goal of this handbook is to help to plan, design, and implement a results-based M&E system within an organization. In addition, the handbook also demonstrates how an M&E system can be a valuable tool in supporting good public management.
The World Bank | 2004 | 268pp.
Learning from Change: Issues and Experiences in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
Estrella, M.; Blauert, J.; Campilan, D. et al. (eds.)
This book is a collection of experiences in participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) from around the world. It allows different 'voices' to tell their story from different perspectives, contexts, and settings. The purpose of the book is not to establish a singular definition of PM&E practice, but to pull together and review these experiences, and to see what key issues and questions emerge.
The International Development Research Centre | 2000 | 271pp.
A Framework for the Assessment of Political Decentralization
Gurkan, A., Yilmaz, S. and Aslam, G.
The purpose of this note is to elucidate components of a well-designed political decentralization system and is aimed to assist task teams and stakeholders to evaluate political decentralization effort in any given country.
World Bank, Washington DC | 2010 | 12pp.
Assessing Decentralisation and Local Governance in West Africa: Taking Stock of Strengthening the Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity of Local Actors.
Le Bay, S. and Loquai, C. (eds.)
This case-study aims to document, analyse and learn from experiences with different approaches and instruments for building the capacities of different actors in decentralisation and local governance, and in particular, the capacities of local government to monitor and evaluate the outcomes of these complex reform processes.
REDL, SNV-Mali, MATCL, ECDPM and others, Bakamo | 2008 | 273pp.
Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation at District & Local level: Mechanisms, Evidences and Practices (MEP)
Massuanganhe, I.J.
This study shows that a carefully selected set of qualitative and quantitative indicators, when collectively designed and appropriately combined, can provide policy-relevant information on wide-ranging issues covering the dynamics of poverty and associated processes at the local level.
UNDP Mozambique | 2005 | 28pp.
Participatory Planning & Budgeting
New participatory instruments in local governance : cases from Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda : paper
Matovu, George W.M. | 2011| uganda - rwanda - south africa
The importance of community participation in Africa is illustrated, using case studies from Rwanda (health services) and Uganda (Local-to-Local Dialogue) that are intended to strengthen both the action and voice of local citizens in delivering public services.
Demanding good governance : lessons from social accountability initiatives in Africa
McNeil, Mary; Malena, Carmen | cop. 2010 | africa - africa south of sahara
The case studies presented in this book represent a cross-section of African countries, drawing on initiatives launched and implemented both by civil society groups and by local and national governments in countries with different political contexts and cultures.
Learning from the south : participatory budgeting worldwide - an invitation to global cooperation
Sintomer, Yves; Wilhelm, Christian; Cochrane, John |2010 | latin america - africa - asia and the pacific
An overview of participatory budgeting in the world is provided, with special chapters on Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Participatory budgeting is unique because it has evolved in countries of the Global South, but has now become an issue all around the world.
'Tips and tricks' of participatory land -use planning in Lao PDR : towards a land zoning negotiation support platform
Bourgoin, Jeremy | 2011 | laos
As alternative to complex ‘high-tech’ LUP models that local stakeholders are not able to use and replicate, a communication platform supporting negotiations among multiple stakeholders groups has been tested in a village cluster of Luang Prabang Province in northern Laos.
What determines the quality of local financial management? : the case of Tanzania
Boex, Jameson; Muga, Matitu C. | 2009 | tanzania
Data for local government authorities in Tanzania are used to examine the determinants of effective local financial management in developing economies. Councils with better planning and project implementation practices achieved better local financial management outcomes.
The political economy of decentralization in Thailand : does decentralization allow for peasant participation ? : paper
Dufhues, Thomas | 2011| thailand
The apparent interdependence of decentralisation and smallholder participation is studied, using the case of the Tambon Administration Organisation in Thailand. Since 1990, decentralization and recentralization have alternated. Elite capture and the bureaucracy prevented effective particaption.
Decentralization and rural service delivery in Uganda
Bashaasha, Bernard; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Nkonya, Ephraim | 2011 | uganda
The paper documents the state of knowledge regarding rural service provision in Uganda under decentralization and identifies knowledge gaps for further investigation. Its focus is on education, health, and agricultural advisory services, as well as the management of natural resources in Uganda.
It takes more than a village : the challenges of co- management in Uganda 's fishery and forestry sectors
Lawrence, Theodore J.; Watkins, Cristy | 2011 | uganda
Successful natural resource decentralization in Uganda requires strengthening local-level natural resource institutions with increased fiscal flow, enforcement, monitoring and judicial powers. The partnership between local-level resource users and the central government must be reinforced.
Participation for what : social change or social control?
Gómez, Georgina M.; Berner, Erhard | 2010 | chile - argentina - egypt - nepal - kenya - rio de janeiro - brazil - colombia
In this collection of papers, the very concept of participation in development processes is questioned, using cases from Latin America, Kenya, and Nepal. The authors question donor-stimulated forms of participation as self-evidently positive, both theoretically and empirically.
Community involvement in urban water and sanitation provision : the missing link in partnerships for improved service
Osumanu, Issaka Kanton | 2010 | ghana
This paper examines how partnerships with communities can complement government’s efforts at improving access to adequate water supply in Ghana. The active involvement of users in the planning and provision of such services contributes to greater equity and financial viability.
Inclusive local governance for poverty reduction : a review of policies and practices
Mejía Acosta, Andrés; Clark, Julia | [2010] | brazil - china - india - pakistan - peru - south africa – uganda
IDS reviewed 11 cases studies of donors worldwide to analyse how and when donor policies and initiatives for social inclusion in local governance processes and institutions really work to improve the lives of the poor.
Planning and Budgeting: Linking Policy, Planning, and Budgeting
Many governments face significant challenges trying to improve planning, budgeting, and the links between the two process areas. This paper addresses the key challenges and suggests discussion points.
3rd International Roundtable Managing for Development Results, Hanoi, Vietnam | 2008 | 10pp.
Capacity Building for Participatory Planning and Budgeting in Africa: Initiatives and Strategic Perspectives.
Matovu, G.
This paper highlights selected cases to illustrate the potential of participatory approaches in establishing sound decentralized governance.
Pan-African Conference of Ministers of Local Government, Maseru, Lesotho | 2006 | 14pp.
Participatory Local Development Planning: A Guide for Municipalities in Ecuador.
Wert, E.van; Bustamente, M. and Solorzano, V.
As a result of the process of decentralization, poor municipalities in Southern Ecuador are now required to draw up their own local development plans, specifying policies, strategies and programmes. This guide shares its experiences in formulating the plans and introducing a participatory process.
SNV Ecuador | 2004 | 5pp.
Participating or Taking Control? An Experience in Rural Planning from Mali.
Diakité, M.
This paper describes the steps taken in a project in rural Mali in order to help the Rural Council to consult and engage with their constituents and to apply the concept of social inclusion. It describes the lessons learned from facilitating this iterative, process-led approach.
Planotes 44 | 2002 | pp.23-27
Participatory Budgeting: A significant Contribution to Participatory Democracy.
Cabannes, Y.
This paper describes participatory budgeting in Brazil and elsewhere as a significant area of innovation in democracy and local development. It draws on the experience of 25 municipalities in Latin America and Europe, providing a systematic analysis of the range of experiences.
Environment and Urbanization 1 | 2004 | pp.27-46
Participatory Budgeting in Africa: A Training Companion with cases from eastern and southern Africa. Volume I: Concepts and Principles.
Matovu, G. and Mumvuma, T.
This training companion wants to help local governments and other stakeholders in designing, initiating and managing a participatory budgeting process. Part I describes the concept of participatory budgeting, its key dimensions and benefits, and the required conditions for implementing it.
UN-HABITAT and Municipal Development Partnership Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya | 2008 | 83pp.
Participatory Budgeting in Africa: A Training Companion with cases from eastern and southern Africa. Volume II: Facilitation Methods.
Matovu, G. and Mumvuma, T.
Part II of this training companion focuses on the role of the facilitator in a systematic approach to participatory budgeting. Appropriate tools and methods for facilitating the process are described and illustrated with case studies.
UN-HABITAT and Municipal Development Partnership Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya | 2008 | 101pp.
Participatory Budgeting in the Municipality of Santo André, Brazil: the challenges in linking short-term action and long-term strategic planning.
Acioly, C., Herzog, A., Sandina, E. and Andrade, V.H.
Using the experiences of the municipality of Santo André this paper examines issues underlying the integration of participatory budgeting as a short-term planning activity and the recently started strategic planning process as a long-term development planning process.
IHS, SINPA (Bolivia), Municipality of Santo André (Brazil), Rotterdam, The Netherlands | 2003 | 90pp.
72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting.
Cabannes, Y.
The toolkit wants to answer the question of how best to implement a participatory budget. Besides general questions it looks at initiation and implementation of the process, as well as the financial, normative, legal, and territorial dimension of participatory budgeting.
UN-HABITAT Urban Governance Toolkit Series, Quito, Ecuador | 2004 | 46pp.
Our Money, Our Responsibility: A Citizens' Guide to Monitoring Government Expenditure.
Ramkumar, V.
This manual provides civil society groups with the relevant information and tools to track and monitor budgets throughout their implementation. Case studies illustrate how tracking expenditures not only increases accountability, but also allows advocacy interventions where expenditures are only taken after adoption of the budget.
The International Budget Project | 2008 | 180pp.
Assessment of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil.
Seragaldin, M. et al.
The main objective of the study is to assess the extent to which participatory budgeting is fostering the efficient and democratic allocation of resources and citizen involvement in the planning and management of their localities. It draws upon extensive field research undertaken in different Brazilian communities.
Center for Urban Development Studies, Graduate School of Design - Harvard University / Inter-American Development Bank, Washington DC, USA | 2003 | 110pp.
Village Participation in Rural Development.
Agossou, V., Balitissen, G., Beavogui, L. et al. (eds.)
This manual is aimed at those contributing to the implementation of participatory approaches in rural development. Different participatory methods are discussed and details on appropriate steps and tools are provided. The underlying conditions necessary for successful implementation of the participatory approach in rural communities, as well as the role of different actors are described.
Royal Tropical Institute and World Bank, Amsterdam, Washington DC | 2000 | 85pp.
Demanding good governance : lessons from social accountability initiatives in Africa
McNeil, Mary; Malena, Carmen
The case studies presented in this book represent a cross-section of African countries, drawing on initiatives launched and implemented both by civil society groups and by local and national governments in countries with different political contexts and cultures.
World Bank, Washington DC | 2010 | 236 pp.
Scaling up Local & community driven development (LCDD) : a real world guide to its theory and practice
Binswanger-Mkhize, H.P., de Regt, J.P. and Spector, S.
This book includes historical backgrounds, best practices and underpinnings, analysis and lessons learned, and toolkits for developing supportive national policies and implementation programs that fit the individual contexts of countries and localities.
World Bank, Washington DC | 2009 | 157 pp.
Local and Community Driven Development - Moving to Scale in Theory and Practice
Binswanger-Mkhize, H.P., de Regt, J.P. and Spector, S.
The book aims to provide development practitioners with the historical background and the tools required to successfully scale up local and community driven development to the regional and national levels. Besdies the theoretical underpinnings for scaling up, it gives guidance on how to adapt the approach to the specific institutional and political settings of different countries, diagnostic tools, and step-by-step instructions to diagnose the national context, adapt policies, and expand programs.
World Bank, Washington DC | 2010 | 272pp.
Action Learning Case-Study: Community-based Planning (CBP)
Searle-Mbullu, R. and Reynolds, K.
This case study on Community-based Planning (CBP) draws on project experiences in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. It identifies learning points from activities such as the establishment of a participatory process for mobilising communities in South Africa or the mainstreaming of community empowerment and inclusion principles in a decentralisation framework in Zimbabwe.
Khanya-aicdd, Bloemfontein, South Africa | 2007 | 17pp.
Empowering the Poor: The KALAHI-CIDSS Community-Driven Development Project. A Toolkit of Concepts and Cases.
Parker, A., Sera, Y., Bhatnagar, B.
This paper reports on a community-driven development project in the Philippines that aims to empower communities to through their enhanced participation in poverty reduction projects. Stories from the communities illustrate the general outline of the programme objectives and features.
The World Bank, Washington DC, USA | 2005 | 44pp.
Brazil: Community-Driven Development in Rural Communities of the Northeast.
Roumani, A.
This presentation describes how the community-driven approach applied by the Rural Poverty Reduction Program in Northeast Brazil, contributed to reducing poverty and improving lives in a region with a large concentration of poor rural people. It shows how at the same time communities have been empowered, building social capital, improving governance, and reducing corruption.
The World Bank | 2004 | 28pp.
Participation and civic engagement
The Participation and Civic Engagement Group (PCEG) promotes the participation of people to influence institutions, policies and processes for equitable development. It focuses on social accountability, enabling environment, participatory M&E, and participation at project, program & policy level. Participatory Budgeting Group on Facebook
An online group for exchange of information among those interested in practices of participatory budgeting [requires membership of Facebook].
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ecdpm: Monitoring & Evaluation support to decentralisation and local governance
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Khanya-aicdd - African Institute for Community-Driven Development
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Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation Resource Portal - Wageningen International
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