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Health systems need to be ready
to handle crises affecting public health, thus minimizing damage to
people, the community and the economy. Combating these changes will
require collaboration and commitment between governments, corporations,
foundations and nongovernmental organizations. An absolute concept of
national sovereignty has been challenged by these events and by the need
to secure collective defence against the emerging public health threats.
Emerging and epidemic prone
diseases: new, highly contagious diseases, such as SARS and avian
influenza, know no borders. In the last few decades, new diseases began
emerging at an unprecedented rate of one or more per year. From 1973 to
2000, 39 infectious agents capable of causing human disease were newly
identified. The development of microbial resistance is more worrying
situation that could change the structure of morbidity and mortality in
the world. .
Environmental changes and
natural disasters: global environmental changes are associated with
an increasing number and severity of events, such as tropical storms,
floods, droughts, heat-waves, earthquakes that threaten food security or
water contamination. In 2006, 134.6 million people were affected and 21
342 were killed by natural disasters, mainly in developing countries
Warmer temperatures influence
the migratory patterns of wild birds and hence the potential for more
unpredictable spread of viruses, like H5N1, that they carry.
Chemical, radioactive and
biological terror threats: Anthrax-tainted letters sent through the
U.S. postal system in 2001 and the release of sarin on the Tokyo subway
in 1995 remind us that although chemical and biological attacks are
rare, there are people ready to use this brand of terrorism.
For much of the world, 21st
century life has become greatly dependant on chemical processing and
nuclear power. Public health
security in turn relies on the safety of these facilities and the
appropriate use
of their products. The threat
of chemical spills, leaks and dumping, nuclear melt-downs, and chemical
weaponry invokes the notion of
surprise attack or accidents, innocent victims and malicious or
negligent
perpetrators and causes fears
that may be disproportionate to the real risk.
International crises and
humanitarian emergencies: Since the 1990s, the European Region has
experienced a number of violent conflicts with vast political, social
and human consequences.
Fighting in the Balkan
countries in 1991-2002 is estimated to have killed more than 125 000
people and displaced up to 3 million.
Economic stability:
public heath dangers have economic as well as health consequences.
Containing international threats is good for economic well-being. With
fewer than 10,000 cases, SARS cost Asian countries US $ 60 billion of
gross expenditure and business losses in the second quarter of 2003
alone.
Strenghtening Health Systems.
Functioning national health systems are the bedrock of international
health security. Their objective is to provide the highest level of
protection and care possible across the population. They are also the
first line of surveillance for diseases, both infectious and chronic.
Most diseases do not cause a “public health emergency of
international concern”. But when a disease emerges which does pose
such a threat, the alert and response required to prevent spread depend
on an adequately resourced and staffed health system.
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