Edward Jenner, M.D., May 17, 1749-January 26, 1823, practiced in rural Scotland and developed his smallpox vaccination using cow pox in 1796. This procedure would replace variolation as a protective procedure against smallpox in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. The use of this vaccine in the later half of the 20th century would eradicate this disease from the world-a great public health victory.