Genoa, Italy

Beautifully situated in northwestern Italy , Genoa (population 706,000) is a major Mediterranean seaport. It is the capital of Liguria region and the centre of the Italian Riviera. It is an outlet for the Po Valley and for central Europe and handles extensive passenger and freight traffic. Genoa 's harbor facilities, badly damaged in World War II and by storms in 1954-55, have been rebuilt and greatly modernized. The city is also a commercial and industrial center. Such manufactures as iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum, airplanes, ships, locomotives, motor vehicles and textiles long led the economy, but the service sector is increasingly important while industry has slowly and steadily declined. Despite the recent economic decline, Genoa has a grand cultural heritage. Its streets are filled with medieval cathedrals, glorious palaces, and Renaissance-era fountains. The town boasts an architectural, artistic, cultural wealth and a variety of activities offering landscapes and natural panoramas.

History

An ancient town of the Ligures, Genoa flourished under Roman rule. Around the 10 th century it became a free commune governed by consuls. Its maritime power increased steadily. Helped by Pisa , Genoa drove the Arabs from Corsica and Sardinia in the 11 th century. Rivalry over control of Sardinia resulted in long wars with Pisa ; Genoa finally triumphed in the naval battle of Meloria (1284).

The Crusades brought Genoa great wealth, and the republic acquired possessions and trading privileges in areas from Spain to the Crimea . Genoa 's expansion and its military defense were largely financed by a group of merchants who in 1408 organized a powerful bank, the Banco San Giorgio. Genoese policy in the eastern Mediterranean clashed with the ambitions of Venice , and long wars resulted, ending with the Peace of Turin (1381), which slightly favored Venice . Meanwhile, the Genoese republic was weakened by factional strife between Guelphs and Ghibellines, between nobles and the popular party. In 1339 the first doge (chief magistrate) for life was elected.

As Genoa gradually gained control of the cities of Liguria , it lost its outlying possessions. Rival factions in the city resorted to foreign aid. From the late 14 th to the 16 th centuries, France and Milan in turn controlled the city, although nominal independence was preserved. The power of Genoa was revived by the seaman and statesman Andrea Doria, who wrote a new constitution in 1528; the conspiracy (1547) of the Fieschi family against his dictatorship failed. Later the city came under Spanish, French, and Austrian control. The Austrians were expelled by a popular uprising in 1746, but in 1768 Genoa had to cede Corsica, its last outlying possession, to France . In 1797, French military pressure resulted in the end of aristocratic rule and the formation of the Ligurian Republic , which Napoleon I formally annexed to France in 1805. The Congress of Vienna united (1814) Genoa and Liguria with the kingdom of Sardinia . In 1922 a major European economic conference was held in the city.

Genoa Points of Interest

Among Genoa's notable buildings are the Cathedral of San Lorenzo (rebuilt in 1100 and frequently restored), the palace of the doges, the richly decorated churches of the Annunciation and of St. Ambrose (both 16th century), the medieval Church of San Donato, many Renaissance palaces, and the Carlo Felice opera house (19th century). The city is surrounded by old walls and forts, and the steep and narrow streets of the harbor section are very picturesque. The 16th-century Lanterna [lighthouse] is an emblem of Genoa . The Old Port was redesigned in 1992 by Renzo Piano; a modern aquarium and tropical greenhouse (the Bolla) are there. Genoa has several museums and a university (founded 1243).