Another act in 1902 had important consequences for the Hygienic Laboratory. This legislation reorganized the MHS and renamed it the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, thereby legitimizing its leadership of federal public health activities. The Hygienic Laboratory was organized into 4 divisions that represented the cutting edge of research at that time: (1) Pathology and Bacteriology (original work of the laboratory and home of the biologics regulatory function); (2) Zoology; (3) Chemistry; and (4) Pharmacology. No physicians in the PH-MHS were experts in the new fields, so for the first time, Ph.D. scientists were recruited. They were given the title "Professor" and awarded perquisites in line with those of faculty at military academies.