Wherever possible, communities were being encouraged to recreate their own housing and latrines. This is because the agencies active during the emergency can only provide direct pit latrines – which are culturally not suitable in Kashmir. Happily, good quality Asian-style ceramic latrine bowls are made in Pakistan and are very inexpensive.

The distribution of soap often causes surprises. Not all people use it – and some will sell what they are given to buy something else which they feel is more urgently needed. Agencies active in emergencies are well advised to monitor carefully the distribution of soap and to determine that where it is sold in the market, what items people require in its place. This can inform workers what else might be necessary.