The armed services are exposed to injury in battle and injury and accident during training. In the past more men have died from epidemic infections than in battle -typhoid, typhus, cholera. Any wound infection was contaminated with dirt and tetanus spores with a huge secondary mortality from tetanus and sepsis.

Sexually transmitted diseases-gonorrhoea are a commonplace and have a high morbidity. People are under stress, far from their normal sexual partner and the only solace the brothel, the casual sexual encounter, bi-sexual activities, group sex etc.Heavy drinking and sometimes drug misuse are also often part of service life.

Modern warfare may involve the use of biological weapons and environmental poisons. Thus the serviceman/woman of today is highly trained, protected with immunisations, given respirator and protective clothing and free condoms.

Sex workers are most often women, young, inexperienced and exploited by a pimp. They may be economic refugees and prostitution the only way to support themselves and their children.

They are at high risk of venereal diseases, unwanted pregnancy and violence from client or pimp.

Bar workers spend hours a day in second hand tobacco smoke working unsociable hours. They will be offered drinks in exchange for conversation and company and they may become heavy drinkers, dependent upon alcohol.