* Expanded polystyrene spherules, which cover the surface of ponds and smother the larvae.

* Insect repellents, either chemical or through ultrasound, applied on people or on curtains or bednets. Pyrethroid-impregnated bednets have definitively shown their worth in many areas.

* Malarial vaccines - after having been developed experimentally and shown to work in animals, tests in humans are being performed specially with SPf66, produced by Dr. Manuel Elkin Patarroyo. Present vaccines are still not effective enough.
Engers and Godal (Parasitology Today, 14: 56-64, 1988) state:
Based on the recent experiences gained in various field trials with SPf66, it is clear that many points remain to be developed in this domain (testing of malaria vaccine candidates), especially in the area of protocol design and definition of relevant, achievable endpoints. Nevertheless, on a global scale, considerable experience has accumulated with respect to malaria vaccine testing, with ~20 PhaseI/II clinical trials with various P. falciparum pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidates having been conducted to date in the USA, Kenya and Thailand. In addition, at least six asexual-stage and multicomponent vaccine candidates have been tested or are currently undergoing Pase I/II trials in the USA, Switzerland, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Australia and Papua New Guinea. And, finally, SPf66 has been tested in clinical and field trials in Clombia, Venezuela, ecuador, Brazil, USA, Tanzania, The Gambia and Thailand.