This is not the case in Russia, where health conditions had been stagnating or worsening for several decades prior to the socioeconomic crisis, which began in 1992. Death rates for Russian men were higher in 1994 than in 1964. For men in their early 30s, mortality levels were twice as high for 1994 as for 1964; for men in their early 50s, they were almost two and a half times as high. The situation was not much better for women. Death rates were worse than they had been three decades earlier for all Russian women, 25 years and older; for women in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, death rates had increased by about half from 1964 to 1994 (Eberstadt, 1999; Vishnevsky, 1995).