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Smokers invariably have worse health status, of course, than
non-smokers. And one of the reasons that I did this work is because they have implications
for outcome in orthopedic surgery. Smokers generally have poor outcome but generally they
all get lumped together in orthopedic studies. But there clearly is – there is a lot of
theory of the effect of interaction between smoking, depression, and pain perception - but
there are lot of factors, again, coming into whether people report back pain or not. |