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This
summary of data from all the prospective studies published to includes the initial data
from the Multiple Risk Factor Interventional Trial (MRFIT) in high-risk smokers, the
Physicians' Health Study, the NIH-funded Coronary Heart Study, the Rural Health Promotion
Project, and four recent European studies: MONICA–Augsburg, the Helsinki Heart Study,
and cohorts from Caerphilly and Great Britain. The key observation in all these studies is
that the presence of a heightened inflammatory response as determined by a high level of
CRP is consistently associated with increased risk for vascular disease in several
different population groups, both at low and at high absolute risk for these events. References:
Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary
heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention
Trial. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:537-547.
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Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the
risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
Website
Tracy RP, Lemaitre RN, Psaty BM, Ives DG, Evans RW, Cushman M, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH.
Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly:
results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1121-1127.
Website
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of
C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation
1998;97:425-428.
Website
Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of C-reactive
protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women.
Circulation 1998;98:731-733.
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Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of
inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med
2000;342:836-843.
Website
Koenig W, Sund M, Frohlich M, Fischer HG, Lowel H, Doring A, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB.
C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary
heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring
Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992.
Circulation 1999;99:237-242.
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Roivainen M, Viik?Kajander M, Palosuo T, Toivanen P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tenkanen L,
Manninen V, Hovi T, Manttari M. Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart
disease. Circulation 2000;101:252-257.
Website
Mendall MA, Strachan DP, Butland BK, Ballam L, Morris J, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC.
C-reactive protein: relation to total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and
cardiovascular risk factors in men. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1584-1590.
Website
Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Low
grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated
meta-analyses. BMJ 2000;321:199-204.
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