*Predicted PYLL (both genders) estimated by fixed effects, using pooled cross-sectional time series design. Analysis controlled for GDP, percent elderly, doctors/capita, average income (ppp), alcohol and tobacco use. R²(within)=0.77.

The relationship between the strength of primary care and health outcomes is consistent over time, as shown in the graph of premature mortality from 1970 to the late 1990s.

Source: Macinko JA, Starfield B, Shi L. The contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970-1998. Submitted 2002.