Titles in Ancient Egypt
Office-holding played a central role in the elite culture of ancient Egypt, locating the individual within society, most notably in relation to the king. Titles come in two forms: official or administrative titles, and conventional titles connected with status and authority. Abbreviated writings are common in both.
Conventional titles of status and authority
Two of the most common conventional titles are:
xtmty bity
Seal bearer of the king.
smr wat(y)
Sole companion.
Titles of office
Titles of office can be divided into secular and religious titles:
a) Secular titles
HAty-a
Governor, mayor.
imy-rA aXnwty
Overseer of the chamber.
A number of titles are composed with the element imy-r 'overseer':
imy-rA pr.
Steward, Overseer of the State.
imy-rA mSa
Overseer of the Army.
imy-rprobably means literally “the one in whom is the word” (the one who has the authority to issue orders). On the basis of a graphic pun around r.
(which means both “mouth” and “word”), it is occasionally written with B44 tongue (the tongue being “the one in the month”):
imy-rA pr
Steward.
b) Religious titles
Hm-nTr
Priest (literarily, servant of the god).
wab
Priest (literarily, pure one).
Hry –sS tA
Master of secrets.
Xry-Hb
Lector priest.
It is not at all uncommon for titles to be written without determinatives.
Epithets
Egyptian texts abound with epithets of gods, kings and officials. Here are a couple of related epithets particularly common on stelae:
oror
imAxw or imAxy
Venerable one.
nb imAx
Possessor of veneration.
Other variants based on the fuller writings such as 'reverence', 'veneration'. These epithets are primarily applied to the blessed deceased. After a life of official duty and ethical behavior, the blessed deceased were revered by the living (who perpetuate their memory on Earth, particularly through offerings) and honored before the gods (with whom they exist beyond death as transfigured spirits). The latter is often expressed in the following way:
imAxy xr wsir
The revered one before Osiris.
Royal titles
God’s mother
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mwt nTr
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Lord of the two lands
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nb tAwy
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Good god
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nTr nfr
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Lady of the two lands
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Hnwt tAwy
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King’s sister
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snt nsw
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Great god
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nTr aA
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God’s consort
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Hmt nTr
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King’s daughter
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sAt nsw
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King’s mother
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mwt nsw
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King’s consort
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Hmt nsw
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King’s son
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sA nsw
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